The first known numerical system dates back to about c 3400BC, and the next oldest, c3100BC from Egypt.
As to names of numbers …
0 … The word zero came via French zéro from Venetian zero, which (together with cypher) came via Italian zefiro from Arabic صفر, ṣafira = "it was empty", ṣifr = "zero", "nothing". This was a translation of the Sanskrit word shoonya (śūnya), meaning "empty". The first known English use was in 1598.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_%28number%291 … The glyph used today in the Western world to represent the number 1, a vertical line, often with a serif at the top and sometimes a short horizontal line at the bottom, traces its roots back to the Indians, who wrote 1 as a horizontal line, much like the Chinese character 一. The Gupta wrote it as a curved line, and the Nagari sometimes added a small circle on the left (rotated a quarter turn to the right, this 9-look-alike became the present day numeral 1 in the Gujarati and Punjabi scripts). The Nepali also rotated it to the right but kept the circle small.[1] This eventually became the top serif in the modern numeral, but the occasional short horizontal line at the bottom probably originates from similarity with the Roman numeral . In some European (e.g., Germany) and Asian (e.g., Israel) countries, the little serif at the top is sometimes extended into a long upstroke, sometimes as long as the vertical line, which can lead to confusion with the glyph for seven in other countries. Where the 1 is written with a long upstroke, the number 7 has a horizontal stroke through the vertical line.
As for eleven, twelve etc I cannot find quite the answer you are looking for, but these are the origins of the words for
Eleven - In English, it is the smallest positive integer requiring three syllables and the largest prime number with a single-morpheme name. Its etymology originates from a Germanic compound ainlif meaning "one left".
Twelve - The word "twelve" is the largest number with a single-morpheme name in English. Etymology suggests that "twelve" (similar to "eleven") arises from the Germanic compound twalif "two-leftover", so a literal translation would yield "two remaining [after having ten taken]"
Thirteen - In Germany, according to an old rule, 13 as the first compound number was the first number to be written in digits; the numbers 0 through 12 were to be spelled out. The Duden (the German standard dictionary) now calls this rule outdated and no longer valid, but many writers still follow it.
For the English language, different systems are used: Sometimes it is recommended to spell out numbers up to and including nine or ten or even ninety-nine or one hundred. Another system spells out all numbers written in one or two words (fifteen thousand, but 15,001).
For the origins of the rest of the numbers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%28number%29 ^
for the rest of the numbers just copy the link and change the number which the little arrow above points to the numer you would like to know about.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number#Fi ... of_numbershttp://www.aaamath.com/nam11ax2.htmhttp://www.aaamath.com/nam14ax2.htm